Wednesday, October 30, 2019

The Ed Sullivan Show Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

The Ed Sullivan Show - Assignment Example Some musicians did not take in seriously the value of censorship on national television. It could also be that some musicians are not really that conservative when it comes to the lyrics of the song as long as they are benefiting from it and they are giving the kind of entertainment the general public wants to have. By doing what has been prohibited by the show, the band gain more popularity. They thought that being on the show was a big help to gain more exposure, the same exposure gained by the Beatles, the Stones and Elvis during their guesting on the show. stated that there is a need to evaluate the context where the censorship happens and the general context where imposing such restriction is seen as acceptable as well as the particular context of the event. It is also important to evaluate the outcome of each censorship both for the censors and for the censored. â€Å"The contested subjects are the same — sex, politics, and drugs/alcohol; and the adversaries are the same — a counter-cultural or subcultural audience against the repre ­sentatives of the countrys dominant corporate order

Monday, October 28, 2019

Bankruptcy in the United States Essay Example for Free

Bankruptcy in the United States Essay The paradox set up between the words â€Å"pleasure† and â€Å"burn† shows something unusual about the characterization of the speaker—that maybe he is a paradox himself and is at odds with what is thought of as normal. Who the speaker is has not been revealed yet, so the reader is allowed to form opinions about his character before meeting the fireman. Further into the book, Montag no longer finds a pleasure, and he runs from his job as a fireman. Finally, the feeling of fire as a pleasure returns when he realizes fire can be used for warmth and comfort rather than for destruction. Diction used (burn, eaten, blackened, changed) creates a fearful mood and an ominous tone from the beginning. Chapter 1 Mood â€Å"His lips quivered and the spectacles were dimmed with mist—â€Å"’we may stay here till we die†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ with that word the heat seemed to increase till it became a threatening weight and the lagoon attacked them with a blinding effulgence â€Å" This mood conducts an emotion time to where the boys just came to their senses that they might not make it out of there. Nobody knows they are there so they realized that they have to fight to make their way out. Later on they realized that the have to find or at least try to find others that may still be on the island. A foreshadow of this might be â€Å"we may stay here till we die† because since they are all children from 6-12 they may not make it out of the island Imagery â€Å"The silence was so complete that they could hear the unevenness of piggy’s breathing. The sun slanted in and lay golden over half the platform. The breeze that on the lagoon had chased their tails like kittens wee finding their way across the platform and into the forest. â€Å"‘So we may be here a long time†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quote shows that after finding more people they all came to realization that would be there a long time because nobody knows where they are. The boys went silent as they realized what was actually happening. This quote emphasized the awkward silence as they all processed through their heads that they all may not either make it or go home. This symbolized imagery because I could really picture the surroundings and feel how quiet it must have been. Theme â€Å"I agree with ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all we’re not savages. We’re English and English are the best at everything. So we’ve got to do the right things† This is in first person This part of the chapter identifies that start of them striving to do the right things. They weren’t working together so now they are forming themselves into groups, etc. to hold themselves together. The mood of this is determination because to me it seems that these boys are finally finding out to feel what its like to be on your own so they have to stick together in order to live. Civilization vs Savagery Chapter 3 Tone â€Å"Everyone’s keeps running off. You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished? † This passage is showing how they went to fun to serious. Because there are a lot of younger kids in the group it is harder for everyone to concentrate for long amount of times. Causing things to fall apart and now people are getting mad and stressed. This creates a tone of seriousness even though the boys/chiefs are only 12 Chapter 3 Mood â€Å"They looked at each other, baffled, in love and hate. All the warm slat water of the bathing pool and the shouting and splashing and laughing were only just sufficient to bring them together again† This passage shows that all it takes is a little fun to realize that everything is okay. The pass few pages were full of everyone just stressing out and fighting and once they began to let loose and have fun ralph and jack realized that it was okay it brought them together again. The mood is relieved and a feeling of happiness â€Å"There was a ship. Out there, You said you’d keep the fire going and you let it out! † The boys are eager to go home but with the choir out hunting the fire had gone out and the ship had passed them because their signal (fire) burned out. Ralph then became violent and angry and yelled at jack creating a mood of intimidation and anger. HE then released all the stress that had been built up and took it out on the gang.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Why Marc Antony is a Round Character :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare wonderfully develops the character Marc Antony in his play Julius Caesar to be a round character. Round characters meaning a character that has many traits and isn’t predictable. Antony, who seems to not have many different traits at the beginning of Julius Caesar, really starts showing his real self after Caesar’s death. That also shows that he is unpredictable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Antony’s monologues and soliloquies really help to show readers Antony as a round character. A few traits these soliloquies and monologues show are that he is manipulative and smart, yet also caring and loving. Other traits Antony shows include agreeable, but capable of being in charge; athletic; popular; and able to give recognition where it is deserved. Like most people, Antony has both bad and good traits, and his speeches reflect that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The manipulative nature of Antony proves true two times. The first time is when Antony is speaking at Caesar’s funeral. Antony is manipulating the crowd by using pauses and by talking Brutus up. This is what Antony says in that instance, â€Å"Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; and Brutus is an honorable man.† (Act III, scene ii, lines 94-95) Antony is saying maybe Brutus is right because he says Caesar was ambitious, and Brutus is, in fact, a very honorable man. In another instance he says, â€Å"Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it,† speaking of Caesar’s will. (Act III, scene ii, line 141) Antony is trying to get the people excited about the will, so they will tell him to read it by acting like he shouldn’t read it. The second time Antony shows that he is manipulative when he wants to change Caesar’s will. At that time Antony proves himself by saying, â€Å"But, Lepidus, go you to Caesar’s house; Fetc h the will hither, and we shall determine how to cut off some charge in legacies.† (Act IV, scene I, lines 7-9) Antony is telling Lepidus to go get the will so they can change it. Antony’s ability to be manipulative is well proven in these instances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The loving side of Antony that allows him to give recognition where it is deserved is shown a few times. One time comes close after Caesar’s death. Antony says, â€Å"Thou art the ruins of the noblest man that ever lived in the tide of the times,† and it shows his love for Caesar by saying that the noblest man he ever knew was now dead.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Microalbumin Creatinine Ratio And Diabetes Health And Social Care Essay

Microalbuminuria ( MA ) is one of the first indexs of kidney harm in diabetics. MA is considered to be a hazard factor for kidney disease, hence, it is recommended by the ADA that type 2 diabetics are screened for MA at diagnosing and yearly. This is so that diabetic kidney harm can be treated every bit shortly as microalbuminuria manifests, detaining patterned advance of kidney disease. Microalbuminuria occurs infinitesimal measures of albumin enter into the piss from the kidneys. Such bantam sums of urine protein normally can non be detected by conventional urine dipstick methods. Highly specific and sensitiveness immunochemical assaies are utilised to observe microalbumin. MA is defined by the ADA as elimination of 30-300 milligram of urinary albumen /24 hours or elimination of 30 to 300 mg/L of urinary albumen in a random or topographic point urine sample. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio is frequently times measured alternatively of urinary albumen entirely, because ciphering the ratio corrects for the day-to-day fluctuations in protein elimination by the kidneys. Creatinine is excreted by the kidneys at a changeless rate and when compared to urine albumen as a ratio, it is a more dependable step of kidney map. Normoalbuminuria ( NA ) is defined as & A ; lt ; 30 ug/mg in a random urine sample. Microalbuminuria ( MA ) is defined as 30-300 ug/mg and Macroalbuminuria or open albuminuria ( OA ) is defined as & A ; gt ; 300 ug/mg in a random urine sample. Recent surveies have indicated that there might be a nexus between cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and microalbuminuria diabetes and in non-diabetics. The intent of this reappraisal is to happen out what is the grounds of an association between increased urine microalbumin and hazard of developing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic grownups. Methods The database utilized to supply the original and secondary literature research was Ovid MEDLINE ( R ) 1996 to 2nd hebdomad of October 2010. Evidence-based literature databases provided by the Cochrane Library were besides searched. These included The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( Cochrane Reviews ) , The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects ( Other Reviews ) and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( Clinical Trials ) . Cardinal footings were mapped to medical capable headers ( MESH ) before carry oning an Ovid hunt. Boolean AND was used to unite the cardinal PICO constituents of the research inquiry to contract hunt. Table 1 below shows a list of MESH footings utilized in the hunt. Cardiovascular diseases Urine microalbumin Type 2 diabetes Hazard Adults Cardiovascular Abnormalities Cardiovascular Infections Heart Diseases Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular Vascular Diseases Albuminurias Albuminurias Diabetic Kidney diseases Microalbuminuria Diabetess mellitus, type 2 Type ii diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetess Mellitus, Slow Onset Hazard Hazard appraisal Hazard factor AdultsTable 1There were 122 articles retrieved, 16 commendations were considered relevant to the research inquiry. Figure 1 below shows the hunt scheme used to recover relevant commendations. Database: Ovid MEDLINE ( R ) & A ; lt ; 1996 to October Week 2 2010 & A ; gt ; Search Scheme:— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —1 Cardiovascular Diseases/ur [ Urine ] ( 132 ) 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Albuminuria/ and Creatinine/ and Biological Markers/ ( 60 ) 3 Risk/ ( 28311 ) 4 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Adult/ ( 14744 ) 5 1 and 2 ( 1 ) 5 1 and 2 ( 1 ) 6 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Adult/ ( 14744 ) 7 Cardiovascular Diseases/ur [ Urine ] ( 132 ) 8 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ and Albuminuria/ and Cardiovascular Diseases/ ( 194 ) 9 Risk/ or Risk Factors/ ( 353907 ) 10 8 and 9 ( 122 )Figure 1Seven commendations retrieved were original surveies and after application of inclusion/exclusion standards, five surveies were chosen for the literature reappraisal. Table 2 below shows inclusion/exclusion standards applied.Choice standardsInclusion Criteria*Exclusion Criteria*PopulationAdults with diabetes mellitus, type 2 Adults without diabetes mellitus, type 2InterventionsMeasure urine micro albumen and creatinine ratio, ( albuminuria, proteinuria ) No measuring of urine microalbumin and creatinine ratio.ResultExamine consequences for positive correlativity between urine microalbumin and creatinine ratio and cardiovascular hazard factors Lack of comparison/correlation of UACR values with cardiovascular hazard factors.Study DesignProspective cohort surveies with comparing to gold standard trial. Prospective cohort missing a gilded criterion or cross-sectional or retrospective survey Case series/reports, non-systematic reappraisals, Journal reappraisalsTable 2Other relevant commendations were retrieved by manus seeking mentions of primary and secondary beginnings. These are included in the mention subdivision of the reappraisal.Literature reappraisalMicroalbuminuria as a cardiovascular hazard factor in type 2 diabetic patients After finishing the literature hunt, five surveies clearly established a strong association between the presence of microalbuminuria and increased hazard of cardiovascular events. Four of the surveies were similar in that they were prospective cohort surveies look intoing the [ possible nexus between increased urinary elimination of albumen and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. Prospective cohort surveies provided the strongest grounds for forecast surveies. The research workers used multivariate statistics to command confusing variables such as age, sex, entire and HDL cholesterin. The surveies likewise showed on norm a two to three fold addition in cardiovascular end points in diabetics with microalbuminuria than those without it. These two surveies besides showed that microalbuminuria, more specifically urinary albumen -to- creatinine ratio ( UACR ) , gross albuminuria and decreased eGFR were independent hazard factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. In t he Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease: preterAx and diamicroN-MR Controlled Evaluation ( ADVANCE ) survey, Ninomiya et Al. ( 2009 ) investigated the effects of urinary albumen -to- creatinine ratio ( UACR ) and eGFR on cardiovascular and nephritic events in 10,640 patients. Patients were followed for about four old ages. After accommodations for other hazard factors utilizing multivariate statistical analysis, the survey research workers concluded that patients with baseline albuminuria ; UACR & A ; gt ; 300 mg/g and eGFR & A ; lt ; 60 ml/min per 1.73 M2, had 3 times greater hazard of cardiovascular events and 22 times greater hazard for nephritic events than with patients without these hazard factors. Validity was high in this survey because the sample size was sufficiently big plenty to acquire precise estimations of the effects of proteinuria, and at that place was statistical control for other variables set uping high proteinurias and low eGFR are independent hazard factors for cardiovascular and nephritic events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Similarly, Valmadrid et Al. ( 2000 ) established that microalbuminuria and gross albuminurias were independent hazard factors for developing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetics. A prospective cohort survey of 840 people with diabetes mellitus type 2, established a 1.8-fold increased hazard for cardiovascular decease and a 2-fold increased hazard for CHD mortality in this population than other type 2 diabetics with normoalbuminuria. In this survey, patients were followed for 12 old ages. Persons with normoalbuminuria were compared with those with microalbuminuria and gross albuminuria for hazard of cardiovascular mortality. The comparative hazard RR for CVD was 1.84 ( 95 % [ CI ] , 1.42-2.40 ) for those with microalbuminuria and 2.61 ( 95 % CI, 1.99-3.43 ) for those with gross albuminurias. In another prospective cohort survey by Gimeno et Al. ( 2006 ) , 436 type 2 diabetic patients with a average age of about 65 old ages were followed for approximately 7 and a half old ages until a cardiovascular event occurred. Study topics did non hold albuminurias, and were classified into four groups: based on prevalent or non-prevalent CVD and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria.The control group had normoalbuminuria and no CVD. Researchers in this survey found out that the hazard of microalbuminuric patients without open CVD was similar to the hazard of normoalbuminuric patients with open CVD. In cross-sectional analysis by Savage et Al. ( 1996 ) conducted in the Denver country increased urinary protein was associated with an increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. A 2004 Double blind, randomized test by de Zeeuw et Al. ( 2004 ) showed that cut downing proteinurias in the first 6 months appears to afford cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients. Losartan, an angiotonin II adversary was used dainty proteinurias in these patients and was compared to placebo. Patients with low-level proteinurias were compared to patients with high degrees of proteinuria. Upon posthoc analysis, there was a 1.92-fold ( 95 % CI, 1.54 to 2.38 ) hazard for CVD and a 2.70-fold ( 95 % CI, 1.94 to 3.75 ) higher hazard for bosom failure compared to patients with low proteinurias Other Studies and related reappraisals Several surveies including hypertensive patients, diabetics and non-diabetes showed association of microalbuminuria and CVD. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) analyzed informations for 14,586 grownups in the US after a 13year follow-up period from 1988-2000. Low eGFR and high UACR independently predicted cardiovascular and general mortality.Discussion/summaryThe literature reappraisal shows that there is an association between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients. Some of the literature established that microalbuminuria predicts CVD in patients with high blood pressure. All of the primary surveies reviewed utilized a prospective cohort research design, which is a flat one evidenced for forecast surveies. Internal cogency was really strong for the surveies but external cogency was low for the Gimeno survey because patients ‘ were selected from a specialised clinic so they could non be representative of the full di abetic population. In contrast, the ADVANCE survey patients were selected from many different locations supplying strong external cogency. The Gimeno survey used one urine sample for baseline line categorization of urinary albumen degrees and could hold improved cogency by proving at least three urine samples earlier categorization as this is normally recommended. When proving topographic point urine samples for microalbumin, one of the restrictions is that there is day-to-day variableness in urine protein degrees and degrees can be affected by transeunt protein signifier vigorous exercising, desiccation urinary piece of land infections. Choice prejudice could hold been farther reduced in the Savage et Al. survey in the Denver country but including a more representative sampling of the country demographics. There was a higher per centum of minorities enrolled in the survey than is true of the Denver country. The mechanism by which microalbuminuria is linked to CVD is non yet known. Further probe is needed so as to effectual cut down microalbuminuria in diabetics and in the general population. Recent surveies have shown angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors and angiotonin II adversaries such as Lorsatan, to cut down urinary albumen degrees in patients. The efficaciousness of other drug therapies to cut down proteinuria is being investigated. The thiazolidinediones drugs used to better glucose control have besides been shown to cut down microalbuminuria in diabetics. In the Framingham Heart Study, MA was determined to be a hazard factor for CVD at really low degrees that were below the recognized scope for subclinical kidney disease. Microalbuminuria is an independent and signii ¬?cant forecaster of CVD events and all-cause mortality in patients ( Astor B.C. , Hallan S.I. , Miller, 3rd, 3rdE.R. , et Al ) ( 2008 )

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

10 Ways to Keep Fit

The Dorm Room Diet Start chugging. Water helps you curb food cravings and feel fuller longer — all for a grand total of zero calories. Sip on your water bottle throughout the day to stay hydrated and lose some of that holiday weight. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is. There are tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashian’s â€Å"Fit In Your Jeans By Friday† series and â€Å"The Pussy Cat Dolls’ Workout. † Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesn’t swipe them. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is.There are tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashian’s â€Å"Fit In Your Jeans By Friday† series and â€Å"The Pussy Cat Dolls’ Workout. † Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesn’t swipe them. Don’t touch that dial. Squeeze in a little exercise when your favorite TV show takes a commercial break. Valerie Orsoni, founder of LeBootCamp, recommends fi tting in a minute each of marching in place, squats, pushups and crunches, followed by an additional minute of marching in place for a mini exercise boost.Muscular System: Muscle MetabolismDownload an app. Grab your iPhone and download Body Fitness, a free application that offers over 320 exercises, complete with instructions and photos. As an added bonus, download Lose It! (also free! ) to track your calorie intake and how much you burn off from the exercise. Clean up. Vacuum, dust and put away your laundry to get a spotless dorm room and a thinner shape. Just 30 minutes of household cleaning burns 85 calories for a 125-pound person. Don’t skip.While cutting out food might seem like the best way to shed pounds, skipping meals slows down your metabolism, which eventually causes you to gain more weight. Eat regular meals full of filling veggies and lean protein to keep your weight in check. Buy some motivation. Use those holiday gift certificates to pick up some exercise gear, suggests Morgan. Exercise bands, a medicine ball and a yoga mat can be bought online and kept in your room to give you the initiative to get moving.Bust a move. No need to head out to the hottest frat party to get your muscles moving. Crank up the tunes and dance the afternoon away to burn some extra calories. If free-styling isn’t your thing, turn on â€Å"Dance Dance Revolution† for a few choreographed steps. Redecorate. Give your room a fresh new look and give your muscles a rigorous workout. Rearranging furniture is serious exercise, so give your dorm the new setup you’ve been dying to try out.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Baking Soda Molecular Formula - Sodium Bicarbonate

Baking Soda Molecular Formula - Sodium Bicarbonate Baking soda is the common name for the chemical sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate. The molecular formula of sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3. The compound is a salt that dissociates into sodium (Na) cation and carbonate (CO3-) anions in water. Baking soda is an alkaline white crystalline solid, usually sold as a powder. It has a slightly salty flavor. Decomposition Into Sodium Carbonate At temperature higher than 50  Ã‚ °C (122  Ã‚ °F), baking soda decomposes into washing soda or sodium carbonate, along with water and carbon dioxide. The speed of the decomposition depends on temperature and proceeds rapidly at ordinary baking temperatures. The dehydration reaction is: 2 NaHCO3  Ã¢â€ â€™ Na2CO3   H2O CO2 At still higher temperatures (over   850  Ã‚ °C or 1560  Ã‚ °F), the carbonate becomes the oxide. The reaction is: Na2CO3  Ã¢â€ â€™ Na2O CO2 This reaction is used in dry powder fire extinguishers based on baking soda. The carbon dioxide helps to suffocate the flame. History French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate or soda ash in 1791. In the early 1800s, fishermen used sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate (collectively called saleratus) to preserve fresh fish. In 1846, American bakers Austin Church and John Dwight built the first factory in the United States that made baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.

Monday, October 21, 2019

The Story of The Architecture Student in Denmark [Interview]

The Story of The Architecture Student in Denmark [Interview] September is the Study Month, not only in colleges, but on our blog too. Thats why we will dedicate our posts to the topics of studying, namely the issue of studying abroad. We have already published the interview with Judy Su a graphic design student who studied in Copenhagen. Today, we have the interview with another student - Ellen Wall - who has also made use of study abroad program and went to Denmark to study architecture. Before the interview, Ellen confessed that she loves to tell about her time in Denmark. Thats why she told us a lot of details about people, food, education, surprises and disappointments. As Ellen was also in a DIS ( Danish Institute for Study Abroad ) program we did not ask her questions about application process, and went straight to the questions about studying. What specific classes did you take? There were 4 classes: Interior Architecture Studio, European Storytelling, Danish Language and Culture, and 20th 21st Century Danish Architecture Please, tell more about your Danish language learning. Was it complicated for you? I am so glad I decided to take a Danish class while I was in Denmark. Even though the majority of Danes speak flawless English, being able to understand even a little bit made me feel so much more a part of the culture. I could read signs, I knew what I was looking at in the grocery store, I often caught and understood snippets of conversation at the dinner table. The Danes are just so proud of their country and their culture the language is a big part of that. It ended up being my favorite class at DIS. I learned so much about the Danes just by learning how to interact with them. What interesting assignments or projects on architecture did you get? I have seen many, many non-touristy places and buildings because of the field studies and projects I had with my classes. In my studio, we got the assignment to design a space in a very old building near to the parliament building, Christiansborg. We did small group critiques to talk about our conceptual and initial structural ideas. How was your project work organized? Was there anything specific about studying environment? Something that would apply to future study abroad students is that the Danish school system relies heavily on the benefits of group work. Most projects are done in groups and there is a lot of large or small group discussion and peer critique. I found this to be a great way to learn. There was definitely more of a collaborative feel to all of the classes and I benefited from the sharing of ideas with others. The other side of that is that not everybody learns this way, some individuals might be more successful on their own. Did you get complicated writing assignments? Tell about some of them. At DIS I studied in the Interior Architecture program. That being said, I didnt have too many difficult writing assignments. I did take a class called European Storytelling where I was asked to write a research paper. The prompt was very vague; we were able to write about anything at all that we had discussed in class. It was extremely open ended which I found to be a big challenge. I was also an Official Student Blogger for DIS. This was an ongoing volunteer project that I did for my Danish school. My blog entries were posted on the DIS webpage and I received a lot of traffic from prospective students and other people all over the world. Blogging for DIS is where I discovered my love for writing. Have you ever missed assignment deadlines while studying abroad? What is the college policy regarding missed deadlines there? I did not miss any assignments while abroad that I can recall. The missed assignments policy was left up to the instructors for the courses. Some of my instructors would accept late assignments and others did not. What did you like about Danish educational system in general? In general, what I like about the Danish school system is that school is free for everyone through the university level (and university students receive a monthly stipend from the government). Another positive is that the learning environment is an equal playing field. The instructors are all called by their first names and questions are encouraged. It feels less strict or structured than many of the classroom environments I have been a part of the the States. How would you describe your studying experience in several words? I had a unique experience because my school, DIS is a school specific to study abroad students, but most of the classes are taught by Danish instructors. In addition, I also learned a lot about the Danish school system because I took a Danish language and culture class and I lived with a family who had kids in the school system. How did you manage to balance studying and traveling? The benefit of DIS is that there are specifically designated travel weeks. A semester student at DIS has two separate weeks off from school for personal travel/or break from school in addition to two study tours with the core course class, one lasting a week and one lasting a half a week. This made balancing travel and study much simpler because I found that I had enough time for traveling outside of school. There were many students who liked to go on weekend trips. I didnt really do that. I was much happier spending my weekends at home with my host family and seeing what it is that Denmark has to offer rather than constantly leaving to see all of Europe. I didnt want to leave Denmark only to realize I hadnt seen any of it. I did, in general, have a difficult time balancing school work and everything else that goes with study abroad. I had to decide on my priorities while I was there. For me, the struggle was balancing time with my host family and time spent on school. So, you stayed with a host family. What was it like for an American student to live with Danish family? I was so nervous to meet them. I wondered if they would like me and what it would be like to live in the home of strangers. But I remember that upon meeting them and even in the very moments before I met them, walking down a hallway and seeing them at the end, waiting for me with big smiles, that I relaxed almost instantly. They were unfailingly kind and generous, curious and interested, fun and happy people. I was welcomed into their home and things fell into place quickly. I found it so much easier to learn about Danes and their culture and especially their language than I would had I not lived with a host family. My ten year old host brother and I became the best of buds. I learned so much from him and not a day does by that I dont think of him. Many of my favorite memories were things that happened with my host family and I genuinely cant imagine my study abroad experience without each and every one of them. How would you describe Danish people in general? Danes are very private people. At least in public settings. They dont small talk, they dont smile at passersby on the street, they have whisper-quiet conversations on public transportation (if they even converse at all). Theres no fear of anybody you dont know trying to make unwanted conversation in a public place. How did you feel about such cultural difference? Of course that goes two ways. It makes Danes very difficult to meet; they stick by the people they know. Its unlikely that one might make Danish friends by approaching them in a grocery store, at the bank, or on the train. To many Americans, this demeanor passes for rude because we are so used to an extreme, exaggerated politeness. This isnt to say that Danes dont care, in fact you might say they care more. If someone asks a Dane how are you they give the real answer and dont just say good. Was it a problem for you to meet new people in Copenhagen? The first time someone accidentally bumps into you and doesnt really apologize is off-putting. The first time you sit on a bus and someone is forced to sit next to you because its the only seat left and suddenly moves when an empty pair of seats opens up elsewhere is a little awkward. But the Danes make up for this by being genuinely warm, kind-hearted, curious people when you get to know them. I found that in more private settings, Danes are extremely curious. The dislike of small talk just meant that the Danes I spoke with typically skipped the polite get-to-know-you questions and jumped right into pressing questions about American politics or media or culture. It made for more meaningful conversation. What was your biggest disappointment during semester abroad? My biggest disappointment was only that I couldnt stay longer. I had such a wonderful time, I was very sad to leave. Of course there were day-to-day disappointments. Not everything is a wonderful, fantastic, awesome, cool, Danish, traveling moment. Sometimes I was sick, or sometimes I wasnt able to see or take part in something I was hoping to, or sometimes I missed dinner with my host family (often the best part of my day). But those disappointments are so on par with daily life that Ive mostly forgotten them by now. All I regret is the time I didnt spend with my Danish family, the things in Denmark that I never got to see, and the experiences I wasnt able to have because of a lack of time or because it was the wrong time of the year. Name your top Copenhagen memories. Showing off Denmark to my family. My family my mom, dad, and older sister came to visit me in Denmark towards the end of my semester. As I dragged them around Copenhagen to see all the important sights and buildings and museums, I realized how much I had learned about Denmark and about Danes in just a few months. I learned my way around a new city that was absolutely foreign to me, I learned parts of a new language, I learned history and music. I mastered the transportation system. It was so exciting to share with my family the country that I had fallen in love with both instantly upon arrival and gradually more and more each passing day. Another one is being mistaken for a Dane! The Danes are an exclusive bunch of people. They are very proud to be Danish. They are also model-beautiful. So the first time I was mistaken for a Dane was kind of a rush. It happened several times over the course of my semester. Sometimes it was another Dane asking a question about the train. Sometimes it was a lost tourist asking for directions. But every time, and especially the first time, it was like an acknowledgment that I was fitting in, that I was doing okay, that I wasnt out of place or unwanted. At least, thats what if felt like to me. Which Danish food would you recommend to try? The pastries are divine. What is interesting about the whole pastry situation is that you cant get a Danish. What Americans refer to as a Danish does not exist in Denmark. But pastries, or weinerbrà ¸d in Danish, are a work of culinary art. They are visually appealing and delicious. Laukagehuset (a popular Danish pastry chain) (pronounced lau-kay-hoo-set) is around every corner and tempts the taste buds everywhere you go. The best life lesson learnt in Copenhagen I learned a lot while I studied abroad, but the majority of it was not factual or school-related. It was a period of time in which I did a lot of personal, individual learning about myself and what is important to me. The biggest life lesson I learned is that I should never force myself to do things that dont make me happy. I dont want to say that I learned life is short, but rather that I learned and realized how valuable my time is. Being in Denmark helped me to understand what makes me happy as a human being. It slowly dawned on me that I never wanted to spend one second doing something that I hate because I dont want to regret it when Im 90. In the grand scheme of things, this is not plausible. Of course Ill have to do things that I dont like every once in a while. But while I was in Denmark I was working on discovering what it is that I truly love and now I try to spend more of my time doing those things. What helps students succeed when studying abroad? Please, share some tips To succeed when studying abroad, get involved! Try to integrate into the culture as much as possible. Live with a host family, learn the language, join a club, meet young natives, take classes with an emphasis on the history or culture of the country, participate in cultural traditions with friends or host family members, listen to the countrys music. Really, really try to experience everything the country has to offer. Do things the way the native people do things, even if you feel like your way might be better or faster. Try everything. Learn about everything. Keep an open mind, you never know what you might like. Thanks Ellen! We are sure these great tips will help anyone to get the most of their study abroad experience! If you would like to learn more about Ellen Wall and her Denmark life, you are welcome to ask questions as well as sharing your thoughts in the comments below.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem The oxidation state of an atom in a molecule refers to the degree of oxidation of that atom. Oxidation states are assigned to atoms by a set of rules based on the arrangement of electrons and bonds around that atom. This means each atom in the molecule has its own oxidation state which could be different from similar atoms in the same molecule.These examples will use the rules outlined in Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers. Key Takeaways: Assigning Oxidation States An oxidation number refer to the quantity of electrons that may be gained or lost by an atom. An atom of an element may be capable of multiple oxidation numbers.The oxidation state is the positive or negative number of an atom in a compound, which may be found by comparing the numbers of electrons shared by the cation and anion in the compound needed to balance each others charge.The cation has a positive oxidation state, while the anion has a negative oxidation state. The cation is listed first in a formula or compound name. Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in H2OAccording to rule 5, oxygen atoms typically have an oxidation state of -2.According to rule 4, hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1.We can check this using rule 9 where the sum of all oxidation states in a neutral molecule is equal to zero.(2 x 1) (2 H) -2 (O) 0 TrueThe oxidation states check out.Answer: The hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1 and the oxygen atom has an oxidation state of -2.Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in CaF2.Calcium is a Group 2 metal. Group IIA metals have an oxidation of 2.Fluorine is a halogen or Group VIIA element and has a higher electronegativity than calcium. According to rule 8, fluorine will have an oxidation of -1.Check our values using rule 9 since CaF2 is a neutral molecule:2 (Ca) (2 x -1) (2 F) 0 True.Answer: The calcium atom has an oxidation state of 2 and the fluorine atoms have an oxidation state of -1.Problem: Assign oxidation states to the atoms in hypochlorou s acid or HOCl. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 4.Oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 according to rule 5.Chlorine is a Group VIIA halogen and usually has an oxidation state of -1. In this case, the chlorine atom is bonded to the oxygen atom. Oxygen is more electronegative than chlorine making it the exception to rule 8. In this case, chlorine has an oxidation state of 1.Check the answer:1 (H) -2 (O) 1 (Cl) 0 TrueAnswer: Hydrogen and chlorine have 1 oxidation state and oxygen has -2 oxidation state.Problem: Find the oxidation state of a carbon atom in C2H6. According to rule 9, the sum total oxidation states add up to zero for C2H6.2 x C 6 x H 0Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen. According to rule 4, hydrogen will have a 1 oxidation state.2 x C 6 x 1 02 x C -6C -3Answer: Carbon has a -3 oxidation state in C2H6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the manganese atom in KMnO4?According to rule 9, the sum total of oxidation states of a neutral molecule equal zero. K Mn (4 x O) 0Oxygen is the most electronegative atom in this molecule. This means, by rule 5, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2.Potassium is a Group IA metal and has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 6.1 Mn (4 x -2) 01 Mn -8 0Mn -7 0Mn 7Answer: Manganese has an oxidation state of 7 in the KMnO4 molecule.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfate ion - SO42-.Oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur, so the oxidation state of oxygen is -2 by rule 5.SO42- is an ion, so by rule 10, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the ion is equal to the charge of the ion. In this case, the charge is equal to -2.S (4 x O) -2S (4 x -2) -2S -8 -2S 6Answer: The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of 6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfite ion - SO32-?Just like the previous example, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 and the total oxidation of the ion is -2. The only difference is the one less oxygen. S (3 x O) -2S (3 x -2) -2S -6 -2S 4Answer: Sulfur in the sulfite ion has an oxidation state of 4.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Source Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Source Analysis Paper - Essay Example To the family and other Englishmen, this brought about a reality check in terms accepting Eunice’s choice to stick with the Indians out of her own consent. To the father, John Williams who professed a puritans faith, Eunice’s refusal to come back, called for a concerted prayer for redemption. In this context, the redemption meant freeing Eunice from harm or distress. While, Eunice does not view her action as wrong, the puritans remain adamant for redemption to save her from the Native Americans. The action by Eunice presents a pattern of trying to assimilate into another culture. This choice, results in pain and anguish to John Williams, the father. Among the English, the choice by Eunice then, was viewed as a lost cause. However, there is need to consider fact that, Eunice decided live according to how she sees it fit. In essence, Eunice’s case in this story brings to light how choices and liberty manifested in 1700s United States. Among the custom was, having f reedom to make own choices (Demos 37). As part of exercising one’s own liberty, Eunice deviated from her English roots. This involved converting to Catholism and disowned her name (Demos 107). Such events clearly indicate dissatisfaction with her previous roots. During 1700s, colonialists explored the Americas to practice religious freedom. There was freedom in terms of practicing own religion without disapproval from the King. However, regions such as New England adopted protestant faith, and was regarded more superior than other faith. This is evident when John Williams assert that, â€Å"Eunice should not loss her protestant faith in the hands of the captives† (Demos 37). The book further, reflects on a lack of respect to French Jesuits by the English Protestants. However, Demos assert that, â€Å"the Native Americans were not easily swayed to alien model† (Demos 171). The lack of religious tolerance forced John Williams to spend only a few moments talking to Eunice. It might seem that, Eunice disliked the over dependence on God among the English and her family in New England. Despite the disapproval by John Williams regarding her daughter’s choice, Eunice displayed one of the pinnacle American choices, which is, individual freedom and choice. The Native Americans regard Eunice as an equal, compared to limited liberty allowed by the English at that period in history. In reality, Eunice experienced two conflicting civilizations (Demos 175). In this story, and particular, a focus on Eunice, reflects on the freedoms instituted in the American society. Further, this story picture a period in America when religious tolerance was gaining momentum. Religious tolerance is today identified by all Americans as a vital possession. The choices made by Eunice, reflects on the Bill of Rights. Despite the story being petite histoire, illustrations about liberty are evident in a large way. In addition, the choices by Eunice have established a pr ecedent for future generations of the American society. The precedent, involves freedom to make own choices. The ideals that shape the American society today, reflects back to the journey taken by Eunice in pursuit for choice and liberty (Demos 255). In a review of Demos and Cronon’s arguments, both focuses on history related to New England. Cronon on one hand focuses on ecological changes by comparing Indians and the Europeans. Demos on the other hand, highlights on the puritans roots compared to French Jesuit and the Native American

Friday, October 18, 2019

In your essay, discuss what you have learned about managing a change Essay

In your , discuss what you have learned about managing a change in an organisation of your choice. Support your argument by drawing on at least 3 key readings from this modules lectures and tutorials - Essay Example As a result of globalization and emerging technologies, the business environment continues to evolve and thus; the need for organizations to adapt to the new changes and change management. In addition, during the change management process, organizations need to engage in a thoughtful planning and a sensitive implementation that involves consulting with persons affected by the new changes (Schein 1993, p.27). In a multinational company such as Coca Cola, managing change should encompass a process that involves consulting with stakeholders concerning the proposed changes to improve the firm’s performance. This is because, the stakeholders form part of the Company and any change affect their interest in the Company. Among the stakeholders that the firm needs to consult in regard to change management include the shareholders, the firm’s personnel, suppliers and customers of Coca-Cola products. Consulting stakeholders during a change management process is important in the sense that it helps to deal with dissenting voices not comfortable with the proposed changes. Consultation in essence helps to raise concerns that need to be resolved before adapting new plans to improve performance. Prior to implementing any change, the Company need to consider various factors that include assessing the proposed change and what the change may achieve in the long run. Further, it is important to determine the persons who might be affected by the proposed changes and their reaction to such change. This assessment will help the organization come up with an implementation plan acceptable to all major stakeholders of the Coca-Cola Company. The change agent in this sense, should come up with strategies to make the people affected by proposed changes understand the reason for change. This is a way of enabling the people affected to play a role in decision making regarding change

Chinua Achebe's Things fall apart Research Paper

Chinua Achebe's Things fall apart - Research Paper Example Culture may mean a set of shared paradigms that reflect the values, attitudes and beliefs of a person, together with the tools and artifacts that make life possible for a unit of individuals. Future generations inherit the norms and beliefs, leading to further acquisition of culture. Culture usually consists of values and norms that guide the behavior of those who share in it, thereby, it is synonymous to tradition. Cultural differences are as a result of many factors, but most importantly, geographical locations. It is also common to find a minor culture within a major one, that is to say, cultures and sub cultures. For example, many people would be aware of the African culture that emphasizes unity and brotherliness. However, within the African culture, there are subcultures defined by the location of each country. Even further, there are subcultures within a country. In reference to the definition of a culture, it is clear that a culture is present everywhere; within a society, an organization, a family or among friends. However, this paper will emphasize on societal culture with emphasis on conflicts caused by culture and its aspects such as sexuality, culture change and language. The paper gives reference to Things fall apart, a book by Chinua Achebe. Chinua Achebe narrates the consequences and struggles that accompany cultural change, and how it affects the people of a rural village, Umuofia. Before the arrival of missionaries, the people in Umuofia village had a patterned culture, which defined their traditions. They worshiped gods, offered sacrifices and lived communally. Additionally, leadership and war determined a man’s worth to the society. Achebe uses Okonkwo as an example of what the village expects of a man (Achebe 35). Achebe develops conflict in the eyes of a clash between change and culture. The arrival of missionaries threatens the stability of this culture, bringing with it unexpected change. Whenever there is an anticipated change in culture and tradition, conflict usually arises. Conflict refers to a state of competition between groups or people with goals that are incompatible, struggle for power, or struggle for scarce resources. Conflict is an essential aspect of human relationships, and so people always devise appropriate ways to resolve conflicts whenever they occur. For the people of Umuofia, villager elders resolved conflicts between people or groups within the village. People conceive conflicts differently, and this determines the ways they devise to deal with conflicts. Some people conceive conflict as a result of a struggle for resources necessary for people to reach their goals. Others perceive it differently, with no connection to material acquisition. They see it as a result of divergent perceptions about issues, situations or beliefs. These conceptions reflect the complexity of social behavior and perceptions. Understanding conflicts requires insight that most conflicts include mixed motives that include cooperation and competition. One must also understand that the parties conflicting believe that their respective divergent goals are responsible for the conflicts. This is important because the people involved will ultimately act on their perceptions and beliefs. The conception that conflict is as a result of the struggle for scarce resources is referred to as â€Å"realism†

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory Essay

Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory - Essay Example how it cooperates and competes; it also shows the connections between the practice of shareholder management and the achievement of different performance goals; it recommends attitudes and structures to the stakeholder management. For football industry, there is a need to capture stakeholder in order to re-examine its governance structure and practice, meet the increasing expectations and standards of accountability and maximize its economic performance. Otherwise, a conflict can arise between the football club and its stakeholders, where the fans are the main priority in the field of success of the certain football club (Hoye & Cuckelly, 2007). Besides, sport organizations are also the subject of scrutiny from such stakeholders as members, sponsors, consumers, and the government funding agencies that expect the football club will deliver the highest quality outcomes. The football supporters argue to make the sport’s governance a serious political issue (Rae, 2014). That is an evidence of a random survey conducted among the four thousand adults, the eighteen per cent of which consider their clubs are in the well financial state, while thirty-eight per cent call for the regulation connecting supporters to be involved in the ownership of the club directly. If to speak about the English football and in case of any conflict arises, the Company Law, protecting the clubs’ investors, can replace certain fans (Michie & Shay, 1999). With the introduction of the Companies Act 2006, its Section 172 states that â€Å"a director of the company should act in the way of good faith† and â€Å"most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole† (Companies Act, 2006). In that case, the director of the club should understand all the consequences of any decision in the long term perspective should care for the company’s business relationships with stakeholders and make an impact on the company’s operations in the community and the

The Real Experience of Kidney Donors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 40

The Real Experience of Kidney Donors - Assignment Example 2. The statement of the problem in the article highlights the essence of exploring the experiences of the live kidney donors and understanding them in order to offer strategies that utilize the experiences optimally. 3. The significance of the study is that it highlights the real experience that kidney donors face and seeks ways through which kidney donors and potential kidney donors can develop a positive attitude towards kidney donation. 4. Although the article does not have a distinct literature review section, the literature in the introduction and the methods section offer a comprehensive review about kidney donation and its effects on the donors and the possible ways in which more people can be encouraged to donate their kidneys. Even if some of the literatures are old, they give a comprehensive analysis of the problem, data analysis and provide a conclusion that is up to date with the current trends of surgery. For instance, Glaser and Straus(1967) offer one of the best interview analysis by utilizing the constant method of analysis. The literature also includes the latest publications that offer the current research trends and analysis. For instance, Recart et al(2005) talk about modern strategies that can be used to fast-track recovery after surgery. It can be concluded that the literature used is comprehensive and conclusive as it covers all aspects of kidney donation such as the physical and psychological ef fects and tries to seek for ways of encouraging more people to donate kidneys. 5. The methodology employed is qualitative in nature. This is because the respondents were interviewed in order to establish their views about kidney donations. By using the survey research design to explore people’s perception of the subject matter (kidney donation), it is easier to understand the major constraints and establish modalities that are essential in overcoming these constraints. For instance, this research established that the major constraints are psychological and physical effects of kidney donation and so the constraints can be overcome by educating the potential donors.  

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory Essay

Professionalization of modern sport For Profit or Glory - Essay Example how it cooperates and competes; it also shows the connections between the practice of shareholder management and the achievement of different performance goals; it recommends attitudes and structures to the stakeholder management. For football industry, there is a need to capture stakeholder in order to re-examine its governance structure and practice, meet the increasing expectations and standards of accountability and maximize its economic performance. Otherwise, a conflict can arise between the football club and its stakeholders, where the fans are the main priority in the field of success of the certain football club (Hoye & Cuckelly, 2007). Besides, sport organizations are also the subject of scrutiny from such stakeholders as members, sponsors, consumers, and the government funding agencies that expect the football club will deliver the highest quality outcomes. The football supporters argue to make the sport’s governance a serious political issue (Rae, 2014). That is an evidence of a random survey conducted among the four thousand adults, the eighteen per cent of which consider their clubs are in the well financial state, while thirty-eight per cent call for the regulation connecting supporters to be involved in the ownership of the club directly. If to speak about the English football and in case of any conflict arises, the Company Law, protecting the clubs’ investors, can replace certain fans (Michie & Shay, 1999). With the introduction of the Companies Act 2006, its Section 172 states that â€Å"a director of the company should act in the way of good faith† and â€Å"most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole† (Companies Act, 2006). In that case, the director of the club should understand all the consequences of any decision in the long term perspective should care for the company’s business relationships with stakeholders and make an impact on the company’s operations in the community and the

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

World War I Diaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

World War I Diaries - Essay Example Germany failed to attach because of its exhausted manpower reserves. However,, the German home front revolted forming a new German government which signed a conditional surrender called the armistice, terminating the war in November, 11, 1918. The world’s great powers were divided into allies involving the United Kingdom, France and Russia, and the central powers consisting of the triple alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria Hungary (Lymann 13-17). World War 1 was peculiarly a current affair. It was the first major contest of arms fought by large, centrally organised nation states since the dawn of the new revolution. Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary were creations of the nineteenth century. The mechanized production of goods in vast quantities came from Europe and facilitated the pace of technological innovation. The scale of conflict heightened and fighting engulfed all the main states of the European continent as well as Britain, French and German imperial colonialists in Africa, Asia and pacific islands. It also raged the high sea sucked in the colonial peoples from Australia and Indochina to India and Canada and forced the distant and isolationist united states to undertake arms. Modern technology put unprecedented lethal arsenals at the army’s disposal: artillery that could propel explosives from distances up to seventy-five miles, poison guns, airplanes, dreadnoughts and submarines. Fought mainly by soldiers in trenches, the war saw an estimated death of 10 million military men (Browne and Snead 560). It was a world war battle fought between September 12-15, 1918, which involved the American expenditory force and French groups under US commander John J. Pershing against German troops. The Americans expenditory force consisted of 14 divisions (550,000) soldiers while the German fifth army and French army was made up of 10 and four divisions respectively. The United States army air service played a

Monday, October 14, 2019

Issues Concerning African Americans and Puerto Ricans Essay Example for Free

Issues Concerning African Americans and Puerto Ricans Essay There are four major ethnic, cultural and racial groups present in the United States today. These groups which compose the nation’s population are the African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic and Native Americans or the Non-Hispanic Whites. From the dawn of time, issues of racial profiling have haunted the American Society, although United States of America is said to be the birthplace of patriotism unity and believed to be a nation that will adhere to intense dedication to freedom, justice and equality (Feagin, 1978). The vast diversity of the American population which characterizes the nation’s inhabitants has often resulted to disorder and chaos, as discrimination exists across the nation. Although the government has taken some actions and laws have been made and are implemented, they are not enough to counteract the racism problem at hand which is deeply rooted in the American tradition, as a longer time may deemed necessary before the public become accustomed to a racial free society. If the authorities are keen on abolishing and eliminate racial discrimination, it then important that they see to it that the public would have a better understanding and background of the different ethnic and minority groups. Awareness to their values, customs and traditions are small little steps that may eventually lead to these groups coexistence. For this reason, the paper discusses two of the major groups that play important roles in shaping the United States social structure, the African Americans and the Puerto Ricans. The emergence of Africans Americans or the black Americans population, which are United States residents but with blood lineage from the black racial group of Africa, in the United States can be traced back way before 1800’s as majority of black Americans have their descendants in the United States. While White Americans came to the United States voluntarily, their Black counterparts were not given a choice as majority of the black population came in America as slaves (Feagin, 1978). It is noting to know that among the different ethnics group that come and settled in the United States, African Americans are the only group which have come not in accordance with their own free will. They were used as servants in large agricultural fields. It was believed that the first African American that had entered the borders of the United States settled in Jamestown. Their slavery and the hard labors they performed served as their free passage to the United States as they are compared to English poor people. However during the great American Civil War, by virtue of the proclamation signed by President Abraham Lincoln, the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans became free. But then the post war era, the restoration period, calls for the segregation of blacks from the whites and deteriorates what was supposed to be period of new beginning for the blacks.. In order to free themselves of troubles and violence brought by discrimination, most Black Americans followed the law which dictates racial segregation. However, as violence related to racial discrimination became widespread, calls for abolishing the racial profiling laws also intensify as growing African American heritage and intellect became more evident. The era of civil rights movement which aimed to promote camaraderie and embed equality by eliminating racial discrimination help largely to the Black Americans cause of seeking dignity for their culture and race. Thus, when the Black Power Propaganda was formed a more complex ideology was born as African American seeks for moral dignity, fairness, justice and freedom from white oppression. Today, free from slavery and contributing vastly to economics and politics and enjoying a legal status, Black Americans have enjoyed a great deal of success as they experienced and enjoyed greater rights, far from what were their ancestors have before. However, complete satisfaction and recognition of their rights will have to wait for another few years as white people and custom is still the dominant culture in the United States. The radical change, however, which started from the nineteenth century are strong indications and evidence of the emerging power the African Americans are obtaining. African Americans now have greater access top higher educations and growth in employment as blue and white collar workers are also evident. Disparity between the poverty of black and people have also reduced and many black Americans now have there owned home. However, the sad part is although continuous improvements are achieved each day, black Americans are still at disadvantage with the white people. It can be observed in issues regarding health insurances and benefits and institutional racism, which is very much present especially in middle school’s class. In fact, a report in Rutherford country showed that massive complaints of racial discriminations are filed as parents are alarmed with the growing numbers of black students that are suspended. Compare to their white counterparts, black students continue to be suspended at much higher rates, raising the question of racial discrimination in imposing discipline among the students. In 2006 for instance, 14. 4 % of black students were suspended in the district, which causes a handful of students to lag behind their studies (Scott, 2007). On the other hand rate of suspension for white students stand at 6. 6% (Scott, 2007). Figures and numbers indicate that the rates at which black students are suspended are more than double of the rate at which whites are. This then has poses an alarmed to the black population as their children are put into a disadvantage situation. Just like the African Americans, Puerto Ricans suffer a great deal of oppression and poverty as they occupy the bottom most part of the United States’ social hierarchy for years (Feagin, 1978). They are considered as one of the world’s poorest groups, however, Puerto Rico posses a great link to the Caribbean world and the developing counties across the globe, which the United States social failed to utilize for their own advantage as it failed to realize its importance to the nation. The emergence of the Puerto Rican Ethnic group dates back to the time when the island which was then named as Borinquen, was a colony under the rule of Spain. For 400 years, Spain uses it as a strategic base. The island was a home for different tribes of Taino, however as the Spanish settle with in the island, population of the Indian tribes gradually diminished as generations passed by. Disappearance was due to the fact that Spain used them for forced labor in mines -which causes natives to acquire disease, massive exterminations and racial intermingling and merging. During that time, where in slavery was widespread, large number of African Americans was brought to Puerto to replace the natives as workers. Thus, the present genetic component of a modern Puerto Rican is a mix of Spanish, native Indians and African American. In 1898, as Spain succumb to American power during the Spanish-American War it surrendered Puerto Rico to the United States. Americans deemed Puerto Ricans as ignorant and as result, self governing was denied to them and Puerto Rico become entirely dependent to the US government. Puerto Ricans were left confused politically and culturally as they desperately ask matters about the issue of their citizenship. US Congress however, denied them of acquiring US citizenship relating that Puerto Ricans and Americans should not be treated as equal and they are inferior compare to them. But a year before the US plunged into the World War I, it granted Puerto Ricans US citizenship. With the booming population and stagnant economics, Puerto Rico became one of the poorest countries around the globe in the 1940’s. In an effort to escape the harsh reality of life in the island, many of the population migrated to the United States, bringing with them the hope and the promise of an American Dream. However, the situation would not be different, as immigrants would fail to land jobs and are exploited. Furthermore, housings were prioritized for Native Americans. Language handicapped was also a barrier, which leads to them being discriminated. Puerto Ricans are also identified with Catholicism and Christianity which is teaching based from Spanish colonial times, and since the structure of the American church is Protestant, conflicts often arise. Businessmen of Puerto Rico descends, would often complain of the difficulty in getting loans. With automation starting to engulf the business and industrial sections, Puerto Ricans further sink to the bottom of the social pyramid as they become more isolated, like the black people. There were no opportunities that were presented for them as they lack the skills to land jobs. But then came the era of being unrest, the emergence of Civil Rights Movement and Anti-Poverty Groups in the 1960’s helped Puerto Ricans stimulate and assimilate into the American society, culture and politics (Nash, 2000). The movement and program covers every Puerto Rican and led to astounding solutions to the problems that result from ethnics and cultural differences and inconsistencies which are related to the failure to be in accordance with the dominant American Culture. The emergence of theses groups had opened the eyes of the Puerto Rican public to seek for fair and just treatment and uphold their dignity. Although they have been successful in appealing for changes, after decades of struggling for political representation, culture and customs respect and their placed into the American Society, Puerto Ricans are today just slowly beginning to achieve and realize the progress and results. Whether it is questions about citizenship status, welfare and housing programs, bilingual and multi-cultural education or electoral power, Puerto Ricans had stood the test of time and has proven it is capable of complex assimilation to the dominant American society. However for Puerto Ricans and other ethnic minorities and racial group in America, being subordinate to the dominant American culture is a continued struggle as still they are treated unjustly. References Feagin. J. (1978) Racial and Ethnic Relations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. p. 212, p. 298 Scott, B. (2007). Daily Race Colors Suspensions. News Journal Murfreesboro. Nash, K. (2000). Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics, and Power. Blackwell Publishers.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

UK Books and Publishing Industry Analysis

UK Books and Publishing Industry Analysis Table of Contents 1. Introduction5 1.1 Objective5 1.2 Reasons for Choosing the UK Books and Publishing Industry6 2. Industry Overview9 2.1 Market Size and Attraction10 2.2 Market Sectors10 2.2.2 Paperback11 2.2.3 Electronic11 2.2.4 Fiction11 2.2.5 Non-fiction11 2.3 Industry Target Markets12 2.4 Market Sales, Performance and Activities14 2.4.1 Domestic Market14 2.4.2 Export Sales15 2.4.3 Imports16 2.5 Publishing Companies17 2.6 Employment19 2.7 Distribution20 2.8 Major Trends and Developments21 2.8.1 Emerging Book Formats21 2.8.2 Emerging Distribution Channels and Markets22 2.8.3 Developments in Technology and Concerns in Copyright and Production23 3. Industry Analysis – PESTEL24 3.1 Using the PESTEL Analysis24 3.2 Political Factors24 3.2.1 Taxation24 3.2.2 Pricing24 3.3 Economic Factors25 3.3.1 Global Economic Factors25 3.3.2 UK Economic Trends25 3.4 Social Factors26 3.4.1 Consumer Preferences26 3.4.2 The Internet and Technology26 3.4.3 Reading Habits27 3.5 Technological Factors27 3.5.1 The Digital Age27 3.6 Legislative27 3.6.1 Copyright and Intellectual Property27 3.6.2 Market Regulations for New Entries28 3.7 Environmental 28 3.7.1 The Issue of Paper28 3.7.2 Other conservation measures29 4. Industry Analysis – Porter’s Five Forces Model29 4.1 About Porter’s Five Forces Model29 4.2 Rivalry29 4.3 Supplier Power29 4.4 Buyer Power30 4.5 Threats of Substitutes30 4.6 Barriers to Entry30 5. Conclusion31 References34 List of Tables Time Spent of Main Activities, by Sex, 20058 Total Book Sales 1998-200210 Projected Book Sales: 2002-200710 Unit Book Sales by Format: 1998-200211 Projected Book Sales by Format: 2002/200712 Value Book Sales by Target Market: 1998-200213 Projected Book Sales by Target Market: 2002/200713 Publishers’ Export Sales: 1998-200116 Book Imports: 1998-200117 Leading Publishers Ranked by Total Retail Sales 2001/200218 Total Employment in the Publishing Industry 1998-200220 Retail Distribution21 The UK Books and Publishing Industry Analysis 1. Introduction According to the Encyclopaedia of Global Industries (‘Book Publishing’, 2007), global spending on books increased from US$85.3 billion in 2000 to US$104.6 billion in 2005. This is despite the fact that the global demand for books had significantly dropped for a number of reasons. One of the major reasons cited for this drop was the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States. In contrast, the United Kingdom (UK) is currently one of the world’s leading players in the world of publishing. However, it remains behind to major global producers the United States, Japan and Germany. UK is followed by another European major publisher, France In 2002, the UK book and publishing industry reached the value of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤2.5 billion (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003) and continues to be the major location of European publishing’s central operations and the U.S. publishing’s gateway across the Atlantic. 1.1 Objectives The UK books and publishing industry is one of the UK’s distinct industries. As stated above, UK ranks among the world’s major book and publication producers. Readers across the globe are familiar with the UK’s contribution to the publishing world . UK writers have long been one of the more famous sets of writers in the classic and modern histories. Ranging from William Shakespeare to J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter franchise, the UK books and publishing industry continues to play a significant role, especially among the English-language readers across the globe. However, the new media forms that have been emerging lately such as electronic and online forms of publishing currently challenge the publication preferences of the consumers today and UK print media too has got impacted. The present study is an attempt to analyse the UK books and publishing industry. The objectives of this industry analysis are as follows: Provide an overview of the UK books and publishing industry, its current status and projected directions. Analyse the factors that influence the current and future operations of the industry by using the tool of PESTEL analyses. Assess the books and publishing industry and its impact and performance in the market by using market analysis tools of Porter’s Five Forces. Determine the critical factors that can determine the future of the UK books and publishing industry. 1.2 Reasons for Choosing the UK Books and Publishing Industry The UK remains to have a healthy and dynamic book and publishing market; not only does the UK contain one of the significant market shares in the global book market, it boasts of a number of in-demand authors. Books and publishing in the UK highlights the society’s inherent love for books . What is interesting in the UK book and publishing industry can be seen in the following factors: (1) UK has had a significant role in the publishing world especially among English-language readers across the globe; however, in terms of industry size, UK remains behind book producing giants the United States, Japan and Germany. These three countries have a competitive production advantage: the United States has strong media and entertainment industry which has also influenced its publishing sector; Japan is known for its graphic novel and books publication, as driven by the strong manga culture and demand; Germany’s media corporate giant, Bertelsmann, has managed to own and merge with large publishers, which makes this German company a significant player in the global industry (‘Book Publishing’, 2007). (2) New forms of media, electronic publishing and the Internet, have emerged which have challenged the conventional publishing forms. Electronic publishing and the Internet has become a challenge in a number of areas including the redefinition of publication format (electronic or published through the Internet) and publication access (self-publishing has become popular online). This also influences the amount of interest the public continues to have in books especially when more recreational forms have evolved which may be preferred over picking up a magazine or a book. Besides, recent times have also witnessed a rise of online / virtual schools and other forms of virtual reality which has now given way to emergence of digital versions of these books or e-books. (3) Emerging markets brought by globalisation also affect the expansion of UK publishers to other parts of the world. This is in addition to the increasing demand for English-language learning courses in non-English speaking nations can encourage the publication of books. Regional authors too can increase the interest of the global readers, and it is interesting to see how the UK publishing industry has responded to these new opportunities. In addition to this, it is interesting to evaluate the performance of this huge industry that reaches different global markets and at the same time, is serving a more particular sector of the people’s reading habits. Based on a survey on leisure activities in 2005 by the National Statistics Office’s, reading has been cited as constituting a negligible part of how people spend their time every day. Reading, on an average, only accounts for 23 minutes among men and 26 minutes among women. The following table illustrates how this industry has been catering to a fraction of people’s average daily activities: Time Spent of Main Activities, by Sex, 2005 (‘Time Use Survey’, 2006) As can be seen in the table, reading has taken a backseat as compared to the time people spend watching television or having a â€Å"social life†. A similar survey conducted in 2001 among full-time workers on how they spend their free time, reading emerged as the third highest activity whereas games/hobbies/computing came in close behind (‘Lifestyles’, 2004). Evidently, in the previously cited more recent survey, games/hobbies/computing activities have overtaken reading. However, this peculiar development holds true among males who spend an average of 37 minutes in playing games, indulging in hobbies or working on computers whereas women tend to be ardent readers, thereby spending more time reading than other hobbies. It should also be noted that reading does not only limit itself to the products of the book and publishing industry as the Internet has also become a significant source for information. 2. Industry Overview 2.1 Market Size and Attraction According to the Confederation of British Industry, the book sector has been one of the significant drivers in the overall UK retail sales growth, along with furniture and groceries (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). This shows that books are among the main purchases that people make in a combined demand in the leisure and educational sectors. The UK books and publishing industry reached the à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤2.5 billion mark in 2002, making this industry having a positive overall outlook. Volume and value gains were seen rising from 2001 to 2002 at 12.1% and 16.8% respectively. The 12.1% volume increase reflected the 323.8 million units sold by 2002, which contributed to the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.9%. Positive developments were also experienced, which started from the late 1990s up to the beginning of the millennium, with strong value gains eventually contributing to the 4% CAGR since the surge in sales in 1999 (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Total Book Sales 1998-2002 ( Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Projected Book Sales: 2002-2007 ( Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) According to the Publishing Industry Market Review 2006, the total publishing market was worth 18.63bn in 2005, having increased by 7.6% across the review period (2001 to 2005). The Publishing Industry is defined by Newspapers, Magazines as well as Book publishing. Newspaper publishing accounts for the largest share of the markets total value, followed by magazine publishing and book publishing. Within the books and publishing industry in 2004, retail book sales were  £3.98bn which represents a 3.2% increase on 2003.( UK Publishing Industry 2005,) Since 1999, the market has grown by a total of 16% and around 67% of the markets value is consumer books. The UK Publishing Industry 2004 report indicates that the UK publishing market is expected to grow by 12.9% between 2004 and 2008. Magazine revenues are likely to rise by 17.3%, newspaper revenues by 15.2% and book publishing by 14.7%. (UK Publishing Industry 2004,). 2.2 Market Sectors The commercial publishing industry extends far beyond books and journals. Products are available in electronic as well as print form. The overall book and publishing industry (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003) can be classified on the basis of format and category Format: 2.2.1 Hardbacks Hardback formats are hardbound books. This format can be commonly found among books for children, new releases, and non-fiction books. 2.2.2 Paperback Paperback or softback is the most common format . This dominantly makes up the books targeted for commercial and educational purposes. 2.2.3 Electronic The electronic formats are the non-paper based products available on CD-ROM, or as audio books, e-books etc. Category: 2.2.4 Fiction The fiction category includes children’s books, novels across genres (crime, Western, thriller), historical, romance, etc. 2.2.5 Non-fiction The non-fiction category includes educational, academic and professional books, reference books, travel guides, DIY, etc. The performances of these different sectors (by format) are illustrated in the following table (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Unit Book Sales by Format: 1998-2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Projected Book Sales by Format: 2002/2007 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Based on the performance of the two main categories, fiction and non-fiction, the latter continues to dominate the book sales and continues to grow (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): 2.3 Industry Target Markets Books can also be classified on the basis of the target market: consumer and institutional (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). The consumer market is the mainstream book market which includes regular readers and individual buyers. The institutional market for books is defined by institutions or organisations that buy books for specific purposes such as libraries. It also includes the books bought by the education sector. There is a potential confusion as to the identification of the consumer and the institutional market as the consumer market also includes publications for academic and professional purposes. However, institutional books are mostly identified by means of prevailing theme and the market segment, such as in the case of libraries and field-specific institutions (i.e. law books collection) whereas the consumer market’s main source of distribution channel are bookshops, online stores, etc. In terms of performance, the consumer market has a significant market share over the institutional market. The total sales brought by he consumer market in 2002 was at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤2.0 billion, thereby having 80.3% of the overall book market share. Average growth was cited at 17.4%, with the surge of sales throughout the year usually picking up during the last quarter (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). The institutional market has been also experiencing positive growth at 14.3%, with its sales reaching à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤490.6 million and comprising 19.7% of the overall market sales. Educational sales continue to dominate the institutional sales at 63.4% whereas contributions from the library sector continue to fluctuate. As can be observed from the table given below, there was a significant drop in library sales from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤114 million to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤101 million from 1998 to 1999, with this particular sector experiencing fluctuations until 2002 (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Value Book Sales by Target Market: 1998-2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) Projected Book Sales by Target Market: 2002/2007 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.4 Market Sales, Performance and Activities The UK books and publishing industry relies on various market forces in order to maintain its dynamism; this can be attributed to its performance mainly on domestic sales, and then through the export and import volume and sales. 2.4.1 Domestic Market As previously mentioned, the consumer market mainly comprise of the industry’s domestic sales. Strong performance has been seen across sectors and categories, with positive developments in fiction as well as non-fiction books. Sales in fiction category experienced an average increase of 56% from 1998 to 2001, although non-fiction remains to have the significant market share (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). A number of market strategies have emerged in order to have the publishers improve their performance. It has been noted that UK has even adopted an American market strategy framework which includes book tours and taking advantage of the different media channels to increase exposure and promotion such as online book ordering promotions and book superstores (‘Book Publishing’, 2007). It can be observed that this has been apparent in the franchising sector in which UK fictional giant, the Harry Potter franchise, have further ventured into film and consumer products. In a way, books have established a force to create a peripheral market sector which relates the books to other relevant industries. However, the opposite takes place when classic British books such as J.R.R. Tolkiens’ The Lord of the Rings and C.S. Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia were made into movies, and because of the success of this channel, book sales for these works have also experienced a significant increase as this has become a promotional means in order to sell more books. Such strategy is not only felt in the UK domestic sector but also in other global sales as well. 2.4.2 Export Sales UK books are exported throughout the world and a cited increase of 4.4% was seen from 1998 to 2002. As per a Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) report, the export market is worth approximately  £1.4bn a year. However, UK’s main export competition comes from the United States, which also produces English-language books. Some exporting strategy can be also seen through the industry (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003, p. 19): Although the worldwide Harry Potter phenomenon had a strong impact on exports, particularly over the 1999/2000 period, non-consumer publishing book sales were also a mainstay of export performance. English is the world language for titles in the scientific/technical/medical category and as such, the UK dominates the field internationally in terms of sales. For publishers of these kinds of texts exports can account for up to 60.0% of sales, particularly to the US, and it can be of great advantage for a publisher to have an American arm or to be part of an American-controlled group in terms of securing US rights of publication. In this case, despite the stiff competition with the US titles, UK books have also been performing fairly well in the United States; the UK mainly exports to the United States. In fact, UK has been the largest exporter of books to the United States books market. The performance of the UK publishers’ export sales are as follows (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Publishers’ Export Sales: 1998-2001 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.4.3 Imports The UK also imports books from overseas markets such as the United States. Interestingly, Asian markets have been contributing significantly to UK book imports. The second largest imports, after the United States, come from Hong Kong, and the fourth largest market is Singapore; China too is also among the top sources, gaining the eighth import source position in 2001 (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Interestingly, UK imports increases industry competition, with its value rising at 16.6% within the period 1998-2001. The following table shows the import value during this time period (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Book Imports: 1998-2001 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.5 Publishing Companies Each of the three sectors of publishing in UK-newspapers, magazines and books- is dominated by around a dozen companies. Only a few companies are active in more than one sector. In fact, only Pearson PLC is involved in all three markets in a significant way. News Corporation, which publishes newspapers and which owns the book publisher Harper Collins too has entered the magazine market early in 2006. The UK publishing industry is still primarily UK owned. However, in the magazine market, there are several foreign-owned companies. These include the following: The Conde Nast Publications Ltd Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd IPC Media Ltd The National Magazine Company Ltd The Readers Digest Association Ltd and VNU Business Publications Ltd. As indicated in Books and Publishing – United Kingdom 2003 The UK is not the home base of any major media player, such as Bertelsmann, Vivendi or AOL Time Warner. The regulations on media ownership make it easier for new entrants from abroad to establish a presence in the UK than for UK companies to substantially enlarge market share. Most of the major players in the book industry are owned by international multimedia publishing concerns, and therefore the most helpful form of comparison is to analyse leading publishing houses, and the results of the consolidated groups which own them. (‘Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003, p. 23) Thus, the books and publishing industry in the UK is characterised by a handful of global conglomerates or international companies, such as Reed Elsevier Group PLC, Pearson PLC, The Random House Group Ltd and Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. The leading publisher in the UK, HarperCollins, is a merger of British publisher William Collins Sons and Co Ltd. and the American publisher Harper Row. Today, HarperCollins is owned by the American media conglomerate, News Corp., although HarperCollins UK is the UK’s leading publishing house (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003; ‘Harper Collins’, 2007). In the recent years, many other companies have been acquired and merged. For instance, in 2004 a major development was the acquisition of Hodder Headline from WH Smith by the French publisher Hachette Filipacchi in 2004. This merely added to further internationalisation of UK publishing. Hachette already owned Orion which further owned Weidenfeld Nicholson. This has lead it to become the UKs second-largest consumer book publisher. Macmillan and Random House are both owned by German companies. These main drivers of these developments have been the business strategies applied by these corporations. These strategies can be observed to be influenced by forces such as globalisation and certain deregulations when it comes to foreign operations. Besides these, other major publishers are Blackwell and the university presses of Oxford and Cambridge. The following table shows the leading publishers in the UK according to sales (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Leading Publishers Ranked by Total Retail Sales 2001/2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.6 Employment By 2002, the books and publishing workforce, which also include employees in the printing sectors, were recorded at 352,000; according to the National Statistics, this figure was at 366,000 in 2001 (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003; ‘Harper Collins’, 2007). In 2004, approximately 280,000 people were employed nationally and about 15% work part time. It has been cited that the books and publishing industry has not offered a very promising development to its workforce in terms of pay and employment confidence (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003, p. 22): †¦ In a recent survey by Bookcareers.com, 66% of employees in the industry said that they had lost colleagues to redundancy. There is widespread discontent in the industry, particularly over the issue of pay. Levels of pay, especially for starting salaries, are notoriously low, particularly bearing in mind the level of education required for publishing work, and starting salaries can be as little as  £15,000 a year. Pay is a factor in most employees’ lives, particularly because most of UK publishing centres around London and the South East, where house prices are simply unaffordable for people earning average salaries in the industry. In addition to this, professional development does not sound as promising in this industry due to the lack of training initiatives and specific professional skills. Professionals in this industry are mostly managerial in nature. Hence, in terms of skills development, the demand has not been as impressive in this sector. It is therefore not as surprising that the number of employees in the industry has been discouraging in terms of rate, and employment has been also bleak due to redundancies. Total Employment in the Publishing Industry 1998-2002 (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) 2.7 Distribution In the past consumers were buying books through a variety of distribution channels such as large chain bookstores book clubs and independent and small chain bookstores, mass merchandisers, mail order, food and drug stores, discount stores, used books etc. The traditional bookshops have been losing their influence and as a result such booksellers have been also starting to fold up. The Internet is becoming one of the most active distribution channels for books and publications. Although the Internet does not have as much distribution share at this point, it continues to contribute significantly in this area as it also continues to increase as a highly-used distribution channel. Book retailers continue to dominate the product distribution; these retailers include chained retailers and independent bookshops. As compared to independent bookshops, in recent times, , bookshop chains are starting to increase its market grasp and influence (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). Another distribution source is through book clubs. The UK’s leading book club, BCA, combines to book club concept and its mail-to-order scheme, in addition to smaller subdivision of smaller book clubs. The book retail distribution trends have been presented in the following table: (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003): Retail Distribution (Euromonitor International: Country Market Insight) It can be observed that there has been significant increase in sale through Internet and multiple (chained) booksellers whereas there has been a decrease in distribution through independent booksellers and book clubs/mail-to-order. 2.8 Major Trends and Developments The dynamism of the books and publishing industry in the UK can be determined by the key trends and developments that can eventually affect how the industry operates and performs. 2.8.1 Emerging Book Formats As previously mentioned, new formats such as e-books, CD-ROMs and audio books have now entered the market. Among the three, e-books have been creating a stir due to a number of reasons: it is in digital format that can be easily downloaded. What also works well with the emergence of e-books is the emergence of technologies.. For example, PDAs have now developed into small, handheld computers that can carry a substantial amount of data; e-books, which are usually in the PDF can be easily downloaded in PDAs and accessed through PDF reader (Microsoft Reader and Adobe Acrobat). Hence, people do not have to carry large books around as they can easily access them through their devices. As per the statistics from an online download source for public domain books, manybooks.net, PDF downloads have reached almost 140,000, not including the other electronic book formats such as eReader and RTF, and downloadable text in HTML format (Nagle, 2007). In any case, the number of downloads can reach hundreds of thousands, and this only includes books from one website and works within the public domain. Another popular source of free e-books is Project Gutenberg (Project Gutenberg, http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page) which claims to have over 2 million downloads every month. 2.8.2 Emerging Distribution Channels and Markets As discussed in the distribution channel section, the Internet is becoming to impress its influence among UK consumers; book sales online experienced an 11% growth in 2001 and continues to be significant till date. Although some online start-ups wanted to take advantage of the UK market, most of them were adversely affected by the dotcom bubble in the 1990s. Expectedly, Amazon.co.uk is the top online seller of books in the UK (Books and Publishing – United Kingdom’, 2003). 2.8.3 Developments in Technology and Concerns in Copyright and Production Technological developments have largely affected the books and publishing industry. As previously mentioned, technolo

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Essay --

Comparative policing study is a study that is trying to find new and successful ways to police other countries by feeding off of each other’s ideas and ways of policing. The main goal is to find a global way of policing with little to no flaws, a way that makes policing easier and more efficient for everybody. Reichel, Bayley, and Mawby all have different ideas on comparative policing study and each of their ideas can give you an insight on what are the benefits and risks of the comparative policing study. In Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: A Topical Approach, Reichel states that the benefits of comparative policing are both provincial and universal. The provincial benefit is avoiding ethnocentrism by looking at other ways of working and checking if they might apply to our own systems. And the universal benefit encourages international cooperation and gives practitioners an understanding of how to work in a ‘flat’ world. (Reichel, 2008) An example of a provincial benefit is how many countries have adopted the Japanese police practice of having small local police stations. Cit...

Friday, October 11, 2019

Playing Sports Essay

Ever since I started playing tennis, I noticed that I have been less aggravated and also a feeling of â€Å"calm† after each game. Whatever was bothering me that day becomes a faint memory. Have you been looking for a way to relieve stress, get some exercise, and make some new friends? Then try playing a sport. It does not matter if you are a child or an adult. Becoming involved in sports is an excellent way to stay fit and relieve stress. You can get out and have some fun while getting healthy. It also can be a way to bring your family together. Playing sports together and being health together. Playing sports can be beneficial for your mental and physical health. Playing some sports can be fun and help support your physical and mental health. Participating in most sports can help reduce stress, promote physical and mental health, and encourages social skills. Involving yourself in a sport strengthens your heart and all your other muscles while having lots of fun. First, let’s talk about how a person can reduce stress by playing a sport. No one has to tell you how stressful day to day life is. Stress is a major health concern to everyone. Every day people in the world battle with stress and look for ways to relieve it. Being active in a sport is one of the ways to reduce stress. According to the Mayo Clinic, â€Å"one way to take control of the stress in your life is through physical activity. Being active can boost your feel-good endorphins and distract you from daily worries. † While playing sports, a person can focus on the game being played and not on their worries. Getting into the game and taking out your frustrations on the game can also manage stress. I personally know from experience that stress can be relieved through exercise. I exercise 4 to 5 times a week. I feel great before and after the workout. Exercising just makes you feel good about yourself! Playing sports sometimes changes your mood and puts the focus on the game. Physical activity helps to bump up the production of your brain’s feel-good neurotransmitters, called endorphins. (Mayo Clinic)The physical activity of sports can reduce tension and help the player relax and get in a better mood. Playing a simple game like ping pong can get your mind off of what’s stressing you. Next, physical and mental health can be maintained through playing sports. Playing sports can provide a form of exercise. Depending on the exercise what kind of benefit your body receives. Exercise through sports can improve your heart health. When playing sports, your body receives exercise needed to build endurance and strength. (Isports2012) Staying active helps keep health problems away from your body. Playing sports can also help maintain weight, strength, and increase stamina. (Manali Oak2012)Sports like soccer are good for your heart and improve body tone. When playing a game like basketball, dribbling, changing direction quickly and passing are performed at different rates of speed which can improve some one’s body coordination, agility and balance. Kicking the ball and receiving the pass from someone improves your hand to eye coordination. According to the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace states that young people can benefit from physical activity as it contributes to developing healthy bones, efficient heart and lung function as well as improved motor skills and cognitive function. Mental health can also be helped through playing sports. It encourages you to be your best, help with concentration, build confidence, and build leadership skills. Playing sports can help a person deal with loss and disappointment. Sports also help boost self –esteem. (Rachel Nelson2011) Also playing a sport can produce many opportunities to increase your confidence and self-esteem, and help to reduce anxiety. Playing sports can also reduce depression. When becoming active in sports, a person has to focus on the game and does not have time to think or worry about outside issues. All of the person’s energy is focused on the game. According to Vanderbelt, â€Å"In a study by DiLorenzo, Bargman, Stucky-Ropp, Brassington, Frensch, and LaFontaine (1999), the conclusions showed that exercise helped with depression both short-term and long-term. The experiment took 111 adults randomly assigned them to two groups. One group was to use bicycle ergometry twenty-four minutes a session, four times a week for twelve weeks. The other group was to do the same exercise but forty-eight minutes a session, four times a week for twelve weeks. By the end of the twelve weeks, DiLorenzo et al. were able to conclude that not only were physiological benefits occurred, such as a stronger heart, but also psychological improvements were made, specifically with depression. The long-term effects of this experiment showed an overall improvement both physically and mentally which was still present a year after the experiment had occurred. It is important to note that in most experiments the findings suggest that exercise helps minimize one’s depressions but there is little scientific evidence stating that exercise can prevent depression. † Sports also play a positive role in emotional health, and helps build social connections, often having opportunities for fun and self-expression. Sports teach you to interact with people, communicate with them and work together as a team. Playing sports can be beneficial to learning social skills. When participating in a sport, working as a team, helping each other out, having good times and the bad times are ways people learn how to support and help others through sports. It helps maintain focus on team goals, instead of personal goals. Building a great team and having fun at the same time is a great reason to play a sport. Sports can improve social skills in adults through leadership and making and keeping new friends. Being a captain on a team or the coach can help with leadership skills. Team mates can become friends. Improving social skills in children can be a task. With sports, it can become a little easier. Playing sports improve teamwork, which can help children learn to work better with one another. While playing sports, people learn what is best for the group instead of just for themselves, and they learn to be friends with people from other backgrounds. When participating in a sport, teammates can be from different races, have different personalities, religions, and sometime genders. Interaction with different teammates can result in lasting bonds. Eventually, a person can move forward and accept a person who may not look or act the same as themselves and treat other teammates as equals. Participating in sports helps adults and youth with the excitement of winning and the bittersweet feeling of defeat. When a team loses a game, a player can have some ill feelings, including disappointment, frustration and anger. Sports allow adults and youth to better handle non positive feelings. After learning how to manage some of these emotions, players can use the same skills learned in sports in apply them to other situations in their life. Also confidence can be improved in adults and children through playing sports. Winning a game is an example of how sports can increase confidence. Playing a sport helps a person feel like they are a part of something. That alone can help motivate and help boost some ones confidence. Being a part of something or a team can boost the confidence in anyone. As you have read, playing sports can increase your overall physical and mental health. Playing sports increases your health, while having fun, being active, and making new friends. Just a few hours a week can be beneficial to your health. There are many types of sports to play that will offer health benefits. People, who have not been active in a while, should contact their doctor first, before participating in high impact sports. You can hurt your body when you just jump right into a high pact exercise. It does not matter if it is tennis, football, or soccer. Being active in sports helps your body. Playing sports affect your health long term when you stay active. Sports help keep your heart and mind healthy. Overall, sports help personal abilities, general health and self-knowledge. Getting out at least 3 days out of the week to play a sport is a reasonable way to stay active through sports. You can contact your local sports club, recreational center, or YMCA for information on playing sports, joining a team, and the benefits that they offer. Everyone needs to relieve some type of stress or be in better shape. Why not pick up a sport and have fun doing both! References 1. http://www. sportanddev. org/en/learnmore/sport_and_health/the_health_benefits_of_sport_and_physical_activity/ 2. http://www. onlymyhealth. com/health-benefits-playing-sports-1290074521 3. http://www. acefitness. org/blog/412/americans-coping-with-stress-anxiety-find-relief, Americans Coping with Stress & Anxiety Find Relief with Exercise, Posted September 12, 12:00AM in ACE Press Releases 4. KOLATA,G. ( 2008, March 27). Personal Best, Yes, Running Can Make You High, The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com 5. DiLorenzo, T. M. , Bargman, E. P. , Stucky-Ropp, R. , Brassington, G. S. , Frensch, P. A. ,& LaFontaine, T. (1999). Long term effects of aerobic exercise on psychological outcomes. Prev Med, 28 (1), 75-85. 6. http://www. un. org/wcm/content/site/sport/home/unplayers/coordinationmechanisms/interagencytaskforce 7. http://www. djlah. net 8. http://healthpsych. psy. vanderbilt. edu.